Networks

Here you are going to post all your findings about the Network types and communication links. Please don't forget to add your references and your name in square brackets



media type="youtube" key="HyF3Xxlixbg?fs=1" height="505" width="640" align="center"

Reference: http://www.youtube.com/ [Thaer Al-Kilani]

**Presentation**: //Ways of Communication//
- Made by: **Thaer Kilani** / **Mohammad Al-Hamadani** - Material: **Thaer Al-Kilani** / **Mohammad Al-Hamadani** / **Mohammad Riyadh** / **Rakan Ma'ani**



//[Thaer Al-Kilani / Mohammad Al-Hamadani / Mohammad Riyadh / Rakan Ma'ani] (9B1)//

aspasia abu-hanna, raya alzubaida and zain alhroud.

Types of Internet Networking:

As technology grows, so does our need for bigger, better and faster Internet connections. Over the years, the way content is presented via the Web has changed drastically.The types of connections are:

Analog (up to 56k)
Also called dial-up access, it is both economical and slow. Using a modem connected to your PC, users connect to the Internet when the computer dials a phone number (which is provided by your ISP) and connects to the network. Dial-up is an analog connection because data is sent over an analog, public telephone network. The modem converts received analog data to digital and vise versa. Because dial-up access uses normal telephone lines the quality of the connection is not always good and data rates are limited.

ISDN
Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an international communications standard for sending voice, video, and data over digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires. Typical ISDN speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps. B-ISDN Broadband ISDN is similar in function to ISDN but it transfers data over fiber optic telephone lines, not normal telephone wires. SONET is the physical transport backbone of B-ISDN. Broadband ISDN has not been widely implemented. DSL is also called an always on connection because it uses existing 2-wire copper telephone line connected to the premise and will not tie up your phone as a dial-up connection does. There is no need to dial-in to your ISP as DSL is always on. The two main categories of DSL for home subscribers are called ADSL and SDSL.

ADSL
ADSL is the most commonly deployed types of DSL in North America. Short for asymmetric digital subscriber line ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending data (known as the upstream rate). ADSL requires a special ADSL modem.

[Mohammed Fawaier]

=__**Radio Wave vs. Satellite vs. Microwave comparison**__=

This article aims to break down the relative efficiency and speeds of various connection types to the Internet on a domestic scale.

Scientifically speaking, note that all waves of the electromagnetic spectrum travel at the same speed, which is 300,000,000 m/sec. All communication methods are also affected by what is called rain fade, pollution and any obstacles that can weaken/obstruct the signal.


 * __Radio Wave__**


 * Frequency:** Varies from 30 kHz to 300 GHz, with an antenna required to tune to any frequencies in between and pick up the required signals
 * Commercialized name:** WiFi
 * Transmitter method:** Tower
 * Transmitter cost:** $800
 * Transmitter range:** Must be set up every 100m to ensure uninterrupted citywide access
 * Receiver cost:** $60 (router)
 * Speed:** Ideally 11 Mb/sec, but often times much lower
 * Notes:** Is arguably the widely used, with an estimated 750,000 hotspots worldwide and 800,000,000 new devices each year. In terms of cost efficiency, it is very good on the domestic scale but might not work for larger applications.


 * __Microwave__**


 * Frequency:** Varies from 300 MHz to 300 GHz, although WiMAX and other telecommunications applications for microwaves usually use frequencies below 10 GHz, depending on the protocol being used
 * Commercialized name:** WiMAX (Wireless Microwave Access)
 * Transmitter method:** Tower
 * Transmitter cost: $**20,000
 * Transmitter range:** 8,000 sq. km
 * Receiver cost:** $650 (large scale) or $100 (standalone)
 * Speed:** 300 Mb/sec (large scale) and 1.5 Mb/sec (standalone)
 * Notes:** It is fast-developing, with current high-end connections reaching 40 Mb/sec speeds and future updates expected to raise the bar with 1 Gb/sec speeds. Given the efficiency of the radio towers at transmission and the presence of several types of tower relay, Microwave connections are applicable in all contexts; urban and domestic.

__**Satellite**__


 * Frequency:** Downlink (satellite to earth) operates at C-band frequencies (4-8 GHz) or Ku-band frequencies (12-18 GHz)
 * Commercialized name:** Satellite internet connection
 * Transmitter method:** Satellite (space to earth)
 * Transmitter cost:** A satellite costs millions to launch
 * Transmitter range:** Excellent and can broadcast anywhere from 100 to 6,000 km (depending on altitude)
 * Receiver cost:** $300 (modem and dish)
 * Speed:** 1.5 Mb/sec (faster than practical radio wave speed)
 * Notes:** There is a variety of satellite types and tweaks; this means that they can be used in quite a few contexts.

[Miguel Hamoy]
0^10 m/s || 3x10^10 m/s || [Mohammed Fawaier]
 * When disussing such topics we have to take into consideration the physical structure of each type, keeping in mind the wave length and the dangers of each type.[|This video would help refresh your mind about waves, and will make you understand the concept of Light waves.]**
 * || Microwaves || Satellite waves || Radio waves ||
 * Wave length ||~ Long; around 10^4 - 10^-3 || Short;around 10^-8 -- 10^-12 || Long; around 10^4 - 10^-3 ||
 * Speed || 3x10^10m/s || 3x1
 * Uses || Microwave ovens || supporting the broadcasting process of huge organizations. || radio broadcasts, amateur radio, television, and mobile phones . ||
 * Efficiency in Networking || Very Good; low frequencies might be distracted easily. || Excellent; as satellites use high frequencies in sending data,which can't be distracted.Most of the time uses Gamma, or X- rays. || Very good;low frequencies might be distracted easily. ||


 * || ** Radio waves ** || ** Microwaves ** || ** Satellite ** ||
 * ** Used for : ** || Communication, cell phone, telephone, earphone and a walkie-talkie and a car phone || Tracking weather systems, and determine the speeds of moving objects. || Sending and transmitting TV, radio, and telephone signals ||
 * ** Frequency ** || Hz to 300 GHz || 1 GHz to 300 GHz || 5600 MHz ||
 * ** Speed ** |||||| They all travel ate the speed of light (about 300,000 km/s)  ||

[Tala Aldwik]


 * Radio waves, microwaves, and satellites** are all ways of transmitting signals. They make the communication in a computer network easier.
 * __**Radio waves**__ have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum, reaching the length of a football field in some cases. And like all other wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum, they travel at the **speed of light,** so they are very fast at transmitting signals. They have a frequency of **300 kHz to 300 GHz**. They provide a two-way connection and are used in **cell phones, television sets, radios, and for WiFi connectivity**. Often, an antenna or a dish is connected to the receiving device through cables to receive the signal that is sent out by transmitters.
 * **__Microwaves__** are also part of the electromagnetic spectrum, though their wavelengths are shorter than those of radio waves; as the wavelengths range from one millimeter to one meter. They too travel at the **speed of light**, as they are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. They have a frequency of **300 MHz to 300 GHz.** They are used in **navigation systems, radars** (that can detect speed, range, and other traits of objects), **and for Bluetooth connectivity.**
 * **__Satellites__** do not transmit signals in the form of satellite waves, rather, satellites are stationed in outer space. These satellites transmit the signals, either by one-way satellite communication or two-way satellite communication. They are used for **connectivity to the** **internet**. Satellite signals travel at the **speed of light**.

[Lana Khamash]

**Radio waves** :are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light. Like all other electromagnetic waves, they travel at the speed of light.They are used for fixed and mobile radio communication, broadcasting, radar and other navigation systems, satellite communication, computer networks and innumerable other applications. Radio frequency (RF) is about 30 kHz to 300 GHz, which corresponds to the frequency of electrical signals normally used to produce and detect radio waves. **Microwaves**:Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with frequencies between 300 MHz (0.3 GHz) and 300 GHz. The microwave spectrum is usually defined as electromagnetic energy ranging from approximately 1 GHz to 100 GHz in frequency. Wireless LAN protocols, such as Bluetooth and the IEEE 802.11 specifications use microwaves.Radar uses microwave radiation to detect the range, speed, and other characteristics of remote objects and Most radio astronomy uses microwaves Satellite: use many different frequencies to transmit and/or receive information. The way that these frequencies travel are by waves. [ Reem Allaf]

__**Radio Waves:-**__ //Radio waves are an invisible form of electromagnetic radiation that varies in wavelength from around a millimeter to 100,000 km, making it one of the widest ranges in the electromagnetic spectrum. Radio is most famously utilized to send audio, images, and text in the form of signals. Radio waves with a wavelength of less than around 10 meters are absorbed by the atmosphere. Otherwise, they bounce back and forth between the ionosphere and the ground, making radio ideal for transmitting over the horizon. The lowest frequencies are used for communication with submarines, due to their low energy (for stealth) and high penetrating power. Consider lower frequencies to have more "bass," meaning they penetrate further, especially through thick media such as water.//

__**Satellite:-**__
//Satellite Internet access has long been an attractive option for web surfers who live in remote locations or who otherwise have no direct connection to an Internet Service Provider (ISP). By beaming an Internet feed from an orbiting satellite directly to the subscriber, satellite Internet providers have been extending the reach of the internet for over a decade. Basic one-way satellite Internet connections operate on a very basic principle: The user sends a command to a server, the server processes the command, and the resultant data is beamed via satellite back to the user. The paths taken by the uplinked and downlinked data are incredibly different/ However, the downloaded data, which normally represents the bulk of the data transferred in any Internet connection, is delivered via satellite at near broadband speeds. The uploaded data, such as user input and any files being sent, generally represent only a small fraction of the data exchanged in an Internet session. Since this data is relatively small, one-way satellite Internet users send their input and uploads through a dial-up telephone connection to the service provider's servers. The uploaded input and files combine with the downloaded data to create a seamless Internet surfing experience.//

__**Microwave:-**__
// A microwave  is any type of electromagnetic wave where the wavelength is less than one meter. Microwave signals are similar to radio broadcasting  signals , with the primary difference being that radio waves are longer than a meter. This means that microwave signals  are higher frequency than radio  signals. Microwave signals have the advantage of being more focused, and more resistant to interference than radio waves. As a result, microwave signals  have been used more a variety of communication purposes.Some cell phone networks and wireless devices such as Bluetooth use low frequency, or longer-length,  microwave signals. Microwave signals are also being used in other forms of technology. For example, satellites orbiting above Earth utilize microwave  communications. // [Tala Sharaf]

**__MICROWAVES: __** · **Uses: **

1. most long distance telephone calls were carried via networks of microwave radio relay links run by carriers such as AT&T Long Lines.

2. Wireless LAN protocols, such as Bluetooth and the IEEE 802.11 specifications, also use microwaves in the 2.4 GHz ISM band

3. Radar uses microwave radiation to detect the range, speed, and other characteristics of remote objects.

· **Frequency: ** 1 GHz to 100 GHz

**__RADIO WAVES: __** · **uses: **

1. Radio frequency energy has been used in medical treatments for over 75 years generally for surgeries including the treatment of sleep apnea.

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses radio frequency waves to generate images of the human body.

· **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Frequency: ** <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">30 kHz to 300 GHz

**__<span style="color: #c4bc96; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Satellite waves: __** · **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Uses: **
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">1. Sending and transmitting TV, radio, and telephone signals ||

· **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Frequency: ** <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">5600 MHz <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">

<span style="background-color: white; color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt;">{rayan saleh}

(zeina al sadi)

media type="youtube" key="8ibFk6WQsHk" width="425" height="350"[zaid wahbeh 9B3]

**MICROWAVE COMPARISON, RADIO WAVE, AND SATELLITE'S**
Microwave can be used to transmit signals such as mobile phone calls. Microwave transmitters and receivers on buildings and masts communicate with the mobile telephones in their range.
 * MICROWAVES:**
 * Certain microwave radiation wavelengths pass through the Earth's atmosphere and can be used to transmit information to and from satellites in orbit.**
 * Metals reflect**
 * microwaves well. For this reason, satellite dishes are made from metal, and so are the cases of microwave ovens.**
 * RADIO WAVE:**

Radio waves are **not** strongly absorbed by the atmosphere so can be used to carry information for radio and TV programmes. Radio waves have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves can be longer than a football field or as short as a football. Radio waves do more than just bring music to your radio. They also carry signals for your television and cellular phones. The antennae on your television set receive the signal, in the form of electromagnetic waves, that is broadcasted from the television station. It is displayed on your television screen. Cable companies have antennae or dishes which receive waves broadcasted from your local TV stations. The signal is then sent through a cable to your house.

SATELLITE:

In the context of Satellites are used for a large number of purposes. Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites, communications sat, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and research satellites. Space stations and human [|spacecraft] in orbit are also satellites. Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways. Well-known (overlapping) classes include [|low Earth orbit], [|polar orbit], and [|geostationary orbit]. Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, [|attitude control] and orbit control [|spaceflight], a **satellite** is an [|object] which has been placed into [|orbit] by [|human] endeavor. Such objects are sometimes called **artificial satellites** to distinguish them from [|natural satellites] such as the [|Moon].

{ Khaled Ammari }

Microwaves are [|electromagnetic waves] with [|wavelengths] ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with [|frequencies] between 300 MHz (0.3 [|GHz]) and 300 GHz. This broad definition includes both [|UHF] and [|EHF] ([|millimeter waves]), and various sources use different boundaries. In all cases, microwave includes the entire [|SHF] band (3 to 30 GHz, or 10 to 1 cm) at minimum, with [|RF engineering] often putting the lower boundary at 1 GHz (30 cm), and the upper around 100 GHz (3mm).

Radio waves are a type of [|electromagnetic radiation] with wavelengths in the [|electromagnetic spectrum] longer than [|infrared] light. Like all other electromagnetic waves, they travel at the speed of light. Naturally-occurring radio waves are made by [|lightning], or by [|astronomical objects]. Artificially-generated radio waves are used for fixed and mobile [|radio communication], [|broadcasting], [|radar] and other navigation systems, satellite communication, computer networks and innumerable other applications. Different frequencies of radio waves have different propagation characteristics in the Earth's atmosphere; long waves may cover a part of the Earth very consistently, shorter waves can reflect off the [|ionosphere] and travel around the world, and much shorter wavelengths bend or reflect very little and travel on a line of sight.

Satellite Internet access is [|Internet] access provided through [|satellites]. The service can be provided to users world-wide through [|Low Earth Orbit] (LEO) satellites. [|Geostationary] satellites can offer higher data speeds, but their signals can not reach some [|polar regions] of the world. Different types of satellite systems have a wide range of different features and technical limitations, which can greatly affect their usefulness and performance in specific applications.

{qayss Al~sayyad}

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNxxrawNu48&NR=1 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Satellites use many different frequencies to transmit and/or receive information. The way that these frequencies travel are by waves. as mention above there are many different kinds of frequencies/waves. Here is a short list:
 * __Satellite waves:__**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> it is important to note that gamma/x rays expose humans to harmful radiation <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">referd to www.ask.com <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">And <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">www.youtube.com __{____Ma'en Al-kalha}__
 * Microwaves.
 * UHF
 * Gamma-Ray
 * Infrared{
 * Ultra violet
 * X-rays

[|radiowaves]

[|satellite]

[|microwaves]

youtube

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 160%;">{Omar Odeh}